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Copper has earned a respected place in the related fields of architecture, building construction, and interior design.〔Kireta Jr., Andy (2009). The copper advantage, ''Metal Architecture,'' June 2009; www.metalarchitecture.com〕 From cathedrals to castles and from homes to offices, copper is used for a variety of architectural elements, including roofs, flashings, gutters, downspouts, domes, spires, vaults, wall cladding, and building expansion joints. The history of copper in architecture can be linked to its durability, corrosion resistance, prestigious appearance, and ability to form complex shapes.〔Austin, Jim (2006). Copper: The peacock of metals, ''Metal Roofing,'' April–May 2006; www.metalroofingmag.com〕 For centuries, craftsmen and designers utilized these attributes to build aesthetically pleasing and long-lasting building systems.〔Seale, Wayne (2007). The role of copper, brass, and bronze in architecture and design; ''Metal Architecture,'' May 2007〕 For the past quarter century, copper has been designed into a much wider range of buildings, incorporating new styles, varieties of colors, and different shapes and textures.〔The Guide to Copper in Architecture; European Copper in Architecture Campaign; http://www.copperconcept.org/sites/default/files/attachment/2011/pubpdf145.pdf〕 Copper clad walls are a modern design element in both indoor and outdoor environments. Some of the world's most distinguished modern architects have relied on copper. Examples include Frank Lloyd Wright, who specified copper materials in all of his building projects;〔 Michael Graves, an AIA Gold Medalist who designed over 350 buildings worldwide;〔(Michael Graves &Amp; Associates )〕 Renzo Piano, who designed pre-patinated clad copper for the NEMO-Metropolis Museum of Science in Amsterdam;〔Metal Sight: The source for metal cladding in architecture; http://www.metalsight.com/projects/metropolis/〕 Malcolm Holzman, whose patinated copper shingles at the WCCO Television Communications Centre made the facility an architectural standout in Minneaoplis;〔Malcolm Holzman on Design Inspiration, ''Buildings'', April 27, 2009; http://www.buildings.com/tabid/3334/ArticleID/8322/Default.aspx〕 and Marianne Dahlbäck and Göran Månsson, who designed the Vasa Museum, a prominent feature of Stockholm’s skyline, with 12,000-square metres copper cladding.〔Vasa Museet; http://www.vasamuseet.se/en/About/The-history-of-the-museum/〕 Architect Frank O. Gehry’s enormous copper fish sculpture atop the Vila Olimpica in Barcelona is an example of the artistic use of copper.〔Fish sculpture at Vila Olimpica; Frank Gehry Architect; http://pastexhibitions.guggenheim.org/gehry/fish_sculpt_11.html〕〔MIMOA online architecture guide of Europe; http://www.mimoa.eu/projects/Spain/Barcelona/Fish〕〔Goto, Shihoko (2012). Copper in architecture, ''Business Insider,'' as published in ''Resource Investing News,'' March 14, 2012; http://www.businessinsider.com/copper-in-architecture-2012-3〕 Copper’s most famous trait is its display from a bright metallic colour to iridescent brown to near black and finally to a greenish verdigris patina. Architects describe the array of browns as russet, chocolate, plum, mahogany, and ebony.〔The glory of copper; ''Metal Roofing Magazine,'' December 2002/January 2003〕 The metal’s distinctive green patina has long been coveted by architects and designers. This article describes practical and aesthetic benefits of copper in architecture as well as its use in exterior applications, interior design elements, and green buildings. ==History== Copper has played a role in architecture for thousands of years. For example, in ancient Egypt, massive doors to the temple of Amen-Re at Karnak were clad with copper. In the 3rd Century B.C., copper roof shingles were installed atop of the Lowa Maha Paya Temple in Sri Lanka.〔 And the Romans used copper as roof covering for the Pantheon in 27 B.C.〔Copper roofing in detail; Copper in Architecture; Copper Development Association, U.K., www.cda.org.uk/arch〕 Centuries later, copper and its alloys were integral in medieval architecture. The doors of the Church of the Nativity at Bethlehem (6th century) are covered with plates of bronze, cut out in patterns. Those of Hagia Sophia at Constantinople, of the 8th and 9th century, are wrought in bronze. Bronze doors on the Aachen Cathedral in Germany date back to about 800 A.D. Bronze baptistery doors at the Cathedral of Florence were completed in 1423 A.D. by Ghiberti.〔Architecture, European Copper Institute; http://eurocopper.org/copper/copper-architecture.html〕 The copper roof of Hildesheim Cathedral, installed in 1280 A.D., survives to this day.〔Copper Roofing in Detail; Copper in Architecture; Copper Development Association, U.K., www.cda.org.uk/arch〕 And the roof at Kronborg, one of northern Europe's most important Renaissance castles that was immortalized as Elsinore Castle in Shakespeare’s Hamlet, was installed in 1585 A.D.〔Kronborg completed; Agency for Palaces and Cultural Properties, København, http://www.slke.dk/en/slotteoghaver/slotte/kronborg/kronborgshistorie/kronborgfaerdigbygget.aspx?highlight=copper〕 The copper on the tower was renovated in 2009.〔Agency for Palaces and Cultural Properties, Renovation of the Tower of Christianborg Palace., http://www.slke.dk/en/slotteoghaver/slotte/christiansborgslot/hovedslottet/renoveringaftaarnet.aspx?highlight=copper+roof〕 For years, copper was reserved mainly for public institutions, such as churches, government buildings, and universities. Copper roofs are often one of the most architecturally distinguishable features of these structures.〔 Today, architectural copper is used in roofing systems, flashings and copings, rain gutters and downspouts, building expansion joints, wall cladding, domes, spires, vaults, and various other design elements. Simultaneously, the metal has evolved from a weather barrier and exterior design element into indoor building environments where it is changing the way commercial and residential interiors are decorated.〔Copper’s design potential highlights architectural seminars (2008). ''Building and Architectural News,'' Vol 62, No. 4., Reprint A4086 xx/08; Copper Development Association〕 In the 21st century, the use of copper continues to evolve in the indoor environment. Its recently proven antimicrobial properties reduce pathogenic bacterial loads on such products as handrails, bedrails, bathroom fixtures, counter tops, etc. These antimicrobial copper-based products are now being incorporated into public facilities (hospitals, nursing homes, mass transit facilities) as well as in residential buildings because of the public health benefits. ''(For main article, see: Antimicrobial copper-alloy touch surfaces.)'' 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Copper in architecture」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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